PLANNING OF CIBOLANG HOT SPRING TOURISM AREA TO INCREAS COMMUNITY
PROSPERITY AND ECOSYSTEM
Rido1 Master
Student, Landscape Architecture Department, Bandung Institute of Technology
Aprillia2 Master
Student, Landscape Architecture Department, Bandung Institute of Technology
Abstracts
Cibolang is an area that is administratively located
in Banjarsari Village, Pangalengan sub-district. Currently
the land use are dominated by plantation. In this area, there are
hot springs that are used by the local community, which is the
upstream region of Cilaki watershed area. However, most of the
water also entered into Cileunca utilized as power plants, the source of
drinking water and recreation facilities for Bandung Society. Farming
activities in this area was transformed into a problem that is disturbing
quality of water. There is also a
potential hot water spring and tea plantations which will be transformed onto
coffee plantations. For that reason, it is necessary to plan Cibolang Region
that can accommodate upstream agricultural activities, in
general, without having to lower their ecological functions as well as
to empower local communities in the tourism sector and in an effort to preserve
the environment.
This plan outlines seven main aspects, namely: 1) Eco
Village, 2) Local Wisdom, 3) Green Agriculture, 4) Green Infrastructure, 5)
Sustainable Water Management, 6) Ecotourism, 7) Wild Ecosystem. With seven
aspects of this plan is expected to be able to achieve the main goal of
improving the welfare of society and preserving the environment. The analysis
used is the spatial analysis (including land use, land elevation, hydrology,
vegetation cover, slope of the land and water quality), which is then analyzed
quantitatively and qualitatively to determine the existing problems and find alternative
solutions.
From the analysis results obtained three types of land
use at the site, which is a body of water (25%), agriculture (65%) and building
area (10%). Building area had the smallest portion since the rule of the
landowners (PTPN VIII) which is very restrict to land is used as a building
area in order to improve and maintain the quantity of the plantation.
Obviously, this is very beneficial in maintaining the quality of the ecological
footprint is maintained. Overall, the altitude at the site ranges between 1470
- 1530 meters above sea level. With the height of the outline of this site
belong to the category of the plateau that has all the typical late flora and
fauna of its own. For the selection of plant species endemic plants should be used
in accordance with the height of the tread.
Keywords: hot spring, prosperity, ecology
1.
Introduction
Background
Cibolang is an area that is administratively located
in Banjarsari Village, Pangalengan sub-district. Currently,
the land use are dominated by plantation, especially tea
plantation by PTP Nusantara VIII. In this area, there are hot springs that are
used by the local community which is the upstream region of Cilaki that
included in Cilaki Watershed area which empties into the Indian Ocean. However,
most of the water also entered into Cileunca’s Lake, utilized as
power plants, the source of drinking water and recreation facilities for some community in
Bandung. However, farming activities in this area was transformed
into a problem that is quite disturbing quality of river water. Besides these
problems, there is also a potential in this area, there are hot
water spring and tea plantations which will be transformed onto coffee
plantations. For that reason, it is necessary to make a plan of Cibolang
Region into a model area that can accommodate upstream agricultural activities
in general without having to lower their ecological functions as well as to
empower local communities in the tourism sector and in an effort to preserve
the environment.
Objective
The objective of this study is as
follows:
1.
Reforming the landscape at site
ecologically
2.
Minimize the impact of livestock feces
on the river ecology
3.
Create a
program to improve the prosperity of the community
Benefit
The results
from this study expected to be taken into consideration for management and
related parties. Moreover, it can be a reference in the site planning for the
construction of a mountains tourist area.
2.
Method
This study used spatial analysis
(including land use, land elevation, hydrology, vegetation cover, slope of the
land and water quality), which is then analyzed quantitatively and
qualitatively to determine the existing problems and find alternative solutions.
Place and Time of Study
This research was conducted at the Cibolang hot spring area,
Pangalengan, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. The study was conducted in February
and June 2015.
Limitation and Research Approach
Research be limited on the condition of the landscape in
general, livestock feces effect on the ecology of the river, and ecological educational
attraction opportunities at the site which is expected to improve the prosperity
of the community.
Research Methods
1.
Preparation Stage
At this stage study objective was setting, making
the proposed study and determination of the location. Additionally, preparation
activities before site survey also cariied out, such as application to
research, make a checlists of social and biophysical data, list of location,
list of maps, a list of required equipment, and implementation guidelines and
drafting survey schedule.
2. Survey Stage
Implementation of the survey conducted at the
site visually and physical measurements. This activity is intended to inventory physical, biophysical, and social
at site. While to know the perceptions
and preferences of the user about landscape interviews were conducted. Interviews were conducted to community and
visitors. While secondary data obtained from the manager's office, the local government
offices and from literature searches.
3. Analysis and Synthesis Stage
At this stage, data were selected, data compiled
systematically in the form of tables, charts, graphics, and maps, which are
then carried out the assessment and analysis of synthesis. Secondary and primary data were analyzed
quantitatively and qualitatively to find out the existing problems then discovered alternatives solutions.
4. Formulation of Recommendations Stage
Preparation of planning recommendations made by
the process of synthesis analysis of existing data, both primary and secondary. Preparation of recommendations to consider the
general character of the existing landscape. Planning recommendations prepared for consideration by the parties
concerned.
3.
Result and Discussion
Literature review
According Eckbo [1] the landscape is space around humans includes everything
that can be seen and felt. According Hubbard and Kimball (1917) in Laurie [2], landscape architecture is
art which focuses on
the function of creation and the preservation of the beauty of the environment around human habitate
and the wider scope of nature. Additionally associated with increased comfort,
convenience and health of the population. Therefore landscape planning should
be devoted to improve the prosperity of the community.
According Gagne and Briggs
(1979) in Hasbullah [3] said that the planning of teaching should be based on
knowledge of how individuals learn, in order to know
what conditions should be laid. Hasbullah [3] adding, to increasing the situation to more favorable
to learning, the nature and quality interaction of learning is very important.
Cooperative structure compared to the structure of competition and the
efforts of individual were more supported the communication between participant.
From this definition, Attraction education planning in tourism areas should be made in such a way, particularly to
improve the quality of interaction between the participants and the object
(nature)
Existing Condition
There are several land use at site, mostly used as a tea plantation, basically
this site is tea plantation that owned by PTPN VIII (Indonesian plantation
companies). Besides
being used as a tea plantation, the site also used as a hot spring (water sourced from
the Perhutani region), staff house,
aquaculture ponds (known as empang), as
well as a dairy farm who are members of Farmers Cooperation of South Bandung
(KPBS). The farm is the most contributed for the river water pollution when its
compared to other types of use.
With the issue of a decrease in the quality of the tea plantation, most of
the tea plantation area at the site is planned to be replaced with coffee
commodity, considering the upward trend in the coffee market in the world and
in Indonesia particularly.
The waste from farms and
plantations is considered very potential to be a model of integrated farming, whose
main objective to maintain the ecosystem in general, as well as maintaining
water quality particularly, considering there are springs on this site which
become the row material of drinking water for some community in Bandung.
Besides integrated farming
system, there are things that must be consider, that is tourism potential that
implicate to improve prosperity of local communities
Types of Soil
Dominated by the andosol with a red color,brown until yellowish. The pH between 4.5-6.5 is acidic to
slightly acidic. Crumb Texture with crumbly consistency[4].
Topography
Located at an altitude of 1500-1600 meters above sea level [4].
Demographics Population
Total Population : 5.771
people
Male :
2.891 people
Female :
2.880 people
Population Density : 261
per KM²[4]
Geographical Location
Spacious :
34,19 Ha
Longitude coordinates : 107°36'35.47"
EL - 107°37'8.76" EL
Latitude coordinates : 7°14'23.49"
SL - 7°13'53.13" SL
Boundaries
North : Wahyang
Mountain
West : Malabar
tea plantation
South : Malabar tea plantation
East : Malabar
tea plantation
Climate
Rainfall : 2.350 mm/year
Temperature : 18-23 °C[4]
Picture 1. Location and Existing Condition
Cibolang can be achieved through by two main access, there are:
1. From the Situ Cisanti approximately
within 12.5 Km
2. From the Pangalengan Terminal
approximately within 10.9 Km
Overall access to Cibolang quite good and easily accessible. But at some
point the state of the road is rather broken and perforated, this is because
this road is frequently traveled by large trucks carrying tea. Visibility will
also be greatly reduced if the fog had gone down (picture 1).
Pangalengan region, with a landscape that is at an altitude above 1,500
meters above sea level, has an endemic vegetation typical of the highlands of
West Java such as Altingia excelsa (Rasamala),
Castanopsis javanica (Saninten),
Magnolia mackiottii (Baros), Toona
sinensis (Suren), and Colocasia
esculent (Talas Bolang) [5].
According to the people who have lived since birth in Cibolang, Cibolang
name is taken from the plant Talas Bolang formerly numerous in this area, grow
along the stream. Cibolang word itself consists of two words "Ci" and
"Bolang". The word “Ci” is derived from the word “Cai” (Sundanese
language) which means water. Whereas “Bolang” taken from plants “Talas Bolang”.
So Cibolang means area or place that has a lot of Talas Bolang plants overgrown
along the river. Talas Bolang normally not consumed, because it tasted bad and
itchy, but it can be used for fish food.
Pangalengan region has a diversity of fauna, ranging from amphibians, birds
and small mammals. Such as Talco moluccensis (Alap-alap sapi bird), Halcyon smynensis (Cekaka belukar bird), Aethopyga eximia (Madu gunung bird), Tupai javanica (squirrel), Macaca fascicularis (Long-tailed
macaque) and Rhacophorus javanica (Javanese tree frog) [5].
Picture 2. Existing water flow scheme
From the water flow scheme as above, the problem that arises is leaking
water flow from livestock waste storage into the fish pond. This is expected
because volume of storage
pool that is not sufficient anymore to accommodate existing waste, because the
rate of waste production very quickly when compared with the rate of decomposing organisms. Therefore,
farmers intentionally create a channel from the livestock waste
storage into the river. Of course this can degrade the water quality of the
river (picture 2).
Analysis and Syntesis
Slope
The analysis was performed with software tools AutoCAD Land Desktop 2009
using a base elevation data taken at the site with the GPS Garmin 62 SC. Data
obtained steepness 0-3% covered 21% area, steepness 3-8% covered 48% area,
steepness 8-15% covered 17% area, steepness 15-30% covered 12% area, steepness
30-45% covered 1% area, and steepness >45% covered 1% area. It is necessary
for the protection of land on a steep area (picture 3).
Elevation
Analysis were performed with software tools AutoCAD Land Desktop 2009 using
a base elevation data taken at the site with the GPS Garmin 62 SC. Overall, the
altitude at the site ranges 1470 - 1530 masl. With the height of the outline of
this site belong to the category plateau which has all the typical late flora
and fauna of its own. Therefore type of plants that should be used is an
endemic plant that is in accordance with the height of the site (picture 4).
Picture 3. Analysis of slope Picture
4. Analysis of land elevation
Land use
Analyses were performed with AutoCAD 2012 software tools in a way to
digitized maps satellite images from Google Maps 2014. From the analysis
results obtained three types of land use at the site, as water bodies (25%),
plantation (65%) and build area (10%). Build area had the smallest portion
since the rule of the land owners (PTPN VIII) which is very limiting land used
as build area in order to enhance and maintain the quantity plantation crops.
Of course this is very beneficial in maintaining the ecological quality of the
site is maintained (picture 5).
Plant Cover
Analyses were performed with AutoCAD 2012 software tools in a way to
digitized maps satellite images from Google Maps 2014. From the analysis
results obtained as much 80% of the total footprint is a kind of medium bush
vegetation with (tea). While land covered canopy of tall trees only 1,5%. It
means that the addition of tall trees on the site must be done in order to
minimize surface runoff, protect the slopes of landslide hazards, and to
improve the micro-climate (picture 6).
Picture
5. Analysis of land use Picture
6. Analysis of plant cover
Hydrologi
With vast body of water that reaches 25% of the total area of the tread,
This site has the potential as a water catchment area. But what to observe is
the rate of flow of the surface relatively quickly due to the influence of the
contour of the land and vegetation cover. This of course can increase the
potential for erosion and landslides. It is necessary for the proper planting
plan, in order to minimize runoff, especially in steep areas (picture 7).
Water quality:
Analysis conducted by visually and aroma. Divided into 3
categories:
1. Water Not Polluted
·
Translucent colors
·
Not flavorful
2. Water a Bit Polluted
·
A bit Muddy color
·
Not flavorful
3. Water Polluted
·
Muddy color
·
Smell bad
Bio-engineering system is needed to improve the existing water quality in
order to keep it nice to downstream (picture 8).
Picture 7. Analysis of hydrologi Picture 8.
Analysis of water quality
Concept
This plan outlines seven main aspects, namely: 1) Eco
Village, 2) Local Wisdom, 3) Green Agriculture, 4) Green Infrastructure, 5)
Sustainable Water Management, 6) Ecotourism, 7) Wild Ecosystem. With seven
aspects of this plan is expected to be able to achieve the main goal of
improving the welfare of society and preserving the environment.
1. Eco Village
Creating sustainable village life with aspects of the
balance between human and nature
Principle:
·
To design settlement and farming in harmony with nature
·
Waste management
·
Community empowerment
·
Encouraging local knowledge as part of daily life
·
Conservation and replanting of vegetation endemic
2. Local wisdom
Lifting Sundanese Landscape on
Pangalengan region and Kertasari
Principle:
·
To apply Sundanese typology: Luhur,
Tengah and Handap into the zoning plan based on land use
o
Luhur - Tengah :
enforce tree
o
Tengah - Handap :
settlements-rice farming
o
Spring as the center of life
3. Green agriculture
Creating agricultural land that can conserve the soil,
water and endemic species in the region.
Principle:
·
To develop organic farming
·
Integrating conventional farms with environmentally friendly farming
techniques
·
Agriculture and ranch waste management
·
Encouraging conservation strategy: soil, water and vegetation
·
Noting the networking aspect of habitats and ecological processes
4. Green Infrastructure
Designing tourism landscape with
the implementation of sustainable green infrastructure
Principle:
·
Designing landscape infrastructure that does not interfere with the natural
cycles
·
Landscape design prevents sedimentation
·
Using green infrastructure and facilitate the management of tourism systems
5. Ecotourism
Tourism that build awareness and
respect for the environment and culture
Principle:
·
Educating tourists about the importance of conservation
·
Bringing economic benefits to the local community
·
Tourism that does not exceed the capacity of local social and environmental
6. Sustainable Water Management
Designing landscapes which can
maintain the quality of water in the upstream to be used optimally to
downstream
Principle:
·
Strengthen the function of the landscape that can maintain the quality of
water
·
Designing a water body region ecologically
·
Improving the connectivity of water bodies
·
To develop biohydro-engineering technology
7. Wild Ecosystem
Designing a landscape habitat to conserve flora and fauna
endemic
Principle:
·
Strengthen the function of the landscape that support the movement of animals
·
Develop wildlife habitat learning center
·
Developing a system of interpretation at the site
Picture 9. Formulation of the problem
Picture 10. The concept of energy cycle
4.
Conclusion
Landscape planning in mountain areas, in which there are micro-scale farms, should consider how
the management of livestock waste in order not to disrupt the river ecosystem. If this is
accomplished, it can maintain water quality which has implications for
communities properity. This planning also has the potential to become an
educational attraction for the public, so that people are aware of the
importance and how to keep preservation of ecosystems by looking directly.
5.
Reference
Books
[1] Eckbo,
G. 1964. Urban Landscape Design. McGraw-Hill
Book, New York.
[2] Laurie, M. 1975. An
Introduction To Landscape
Architecture. American Elsevier Publishing Co. Ltd. New York.
[3] Hasbullah. 2008. Dasar-Dasar
Ilmu Pendidikan. Edisi Revisi. PT. Rajagrafindo Persada. Jakarta (in Indonesian).
[4] Suparman, Sarip. 2014. Potensi Desa dan Kelurahan
Banjarsari. Banjarsari Village. Bandung (in Indonesian).
[5] Anonim. 2012. Laporan Keberlanjutan 2012: Prestasi Untuk
Keberlanjutan. Star Energy Geothermal (Wahyang Windu) LTD, Pertamina Geothermal
Energy (in Indonesian).
